Kinds of Retributive Justice - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 775 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/09/11 Category Advertising Essay Did you like this example? There are two distinct kinds of retributive justice. The classical definition embraces the idea that the amount of punishment must be proportional to the amount of harm caused by the offense. A more recent version, supported by Michael Davis, discharges this idea and replaces it with the idea that the amount of punishment must be proportional to the amount of unfair advantage gained by the wrongdoer. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Kinds of Retributive Justice" essay for you Create order Davis introduced this version of retributive justice in the early 1980s, at a time when retributive justice was making a recovery within the philosophy of law community, maybe due to the multiple failures of reform theory in the previous years. In the early period of all systems of law the redress of wrongs takes precedence over the enforcement of contract rights, and a rough sense of justice demands the infliction of proportionate loss and pain on the aggressor as he has inflicted on his victim. Incapacitation in the context of sentencing philosophy refers to the effect of a sentence in terms of positively preventing (rather than merely deterring) future offending. Imprisonment incapacitates the prisoner by removing them from the society against which they are deemed to have offended. Cutting off a hand of a thief is also an example; this acts to prevents further thefts in a drastic manner, in addition to its having a deterrent effect on others. Like deterrence, incapacitation can be specific to an individual and/or specific to a particular crime, or can be general in either respect. Deterrence is one of the primary objects of the Criminal Law. Its primary goal is to discourage members of society from committing criminal acts out of fear of punishment. The most powerful deterrent would be a criminal justice system that guaranteed with certainty that all persons who broke the law would be apprehended, convicted, and punished, and would receive no personal benefit from their misconduct. United States policy of deterrence during the Cold War underwent significant variations. The early stages of the Cold War were generally characterized by ideology of Containment, an aggressive stance on behalf of the United States especially regarding developing nations under their sphere of influence. Rehabilitation means to restore to useful life, as through therapy and education or To restore to good condition, operation, or capacity. The assumption of rehabilitation is that people are not natively criminal and that it is possible to restore a criminal to a useful life, to a life in which they contribute to themselves and to society. Rather than punishing the harm out of a criminal, rehabilitation would seek, by means of education or therapy, to bring a criminal into a more normal state of mind, or into an attitude which would be helpful to society, rather than be harmful to society. Although the importance of inflicting punishment on those persons who breach the law, so as to maintain social order, is retained, the importance of rehabilitation is also given priority. Humanitarians have, over the years, supported rehabilitation as an alternative, even for capital punishment. Restoration is to return what has been unjustly taken; to place the owner of a thing in the state in which he formerly was. By restitution is understood not only the return of the thing itself, but all its accessories. It is to return the thing and its fruits. Retributive justice began to replace this system following the Norman invasion of Britain. William the Conquerors son, Henry I, issued laws detailing offenses against the â€Å"king’s peace. † In the 20th century, restorative justice started becoming more popular. In my personal opinion I just think we need to let them all ROT in prison depending on the crime of course. If I had to choose from all of the choices I think that rehab is one of the better choices because it is trying to make the person a constructive part of society and gives them another chance but I think that their should be a limit to how many times someone can try to be rehabilitated, like two. I think two is a good number because the first time is on them and pretty much everyone deserves a second chance, and then if they mess up a again after their first chance try again cause everyone makes mistakes and everyone has those days, if they mess up again they apparently won’t learn their lesson. [pic]A Law Dictionary, Adapted to the Constitution and Laws of the United States. By John Bouvier. Published 1856. Martin, Jacqueline (2005). The English Legal System (4th ed. ), p. 176. London: Hodder Arnold. ISBN 0-340-89991-3. Cavadino, M Dignan, J. (1997). The Penal System: An Introduction (2nd ed. ), p. 39. London: Sage.

Relationship Between Leaders And Follower Selves - 2910 Words

Introduction Everyone is a member of different organizations in different occasions, and human activities are set up on relationships (Homans, 2009, p. 1), so that relevant researches about relationship began decades ago (Vangelisti Perlman, 2006, p. ix). Leader-member-exchange (LMX) theory is a kind of leadership style, which pays attention to a dyadic relationship between leader and member (Graen Cashman, 1975; Graen Uhl-Bien, 1995, Breevaart, Bakker, Demerouti Heuvel, 2015; Wilson, Sin Conlon, 2010). This is a long time history that people began to research the relationship between a leader and follower, and how the relationship can impact on leaders and follower selves (Graen Uhl-Bien, 1995). Most of previous researches of the LMX theory focused on members, and mainly claimed that high-quality LMX relations could cause followers’ high job satisfaction and good work engagement because of the plentiful and abundant work resources (Breevaart et al., 2015, p. 754), emotion management leader who pay attention to problems and followers’ expectations (Little, Gooty Williams, 2015, p. 11), and the knowledge sharing (Hassanzadeh, 2014), etc. However, this is a few studies researched LMX theory with leader’s sight. Like the social exchange theory, that exchange is bidirectional and cannot be finished just by depending one party’s work (Karen, 1087), such as trust in relationships should be set up by all parties in the relationship (Lioukas Reuer, 2015), inShow MoreRelatedRelationship Between Leaders And Follower Selves2910 Words   |  12 Pagesup on relationships (Homans, 2009, p. 1), so that relevant researches about relationship began decades ago (Vangelisti Perlman, 2006, p. ix). Leader-member-exchange (LMX) theory is a kind of leadership style, which pays attention to a dyadic relationship between leader and member (Graen Cashman, 1975; Graen Uhl-Bien, 1995, Breevaart, Bakker, Demerouti Heuvel, 2015; Wilson, Sin Conlon, 2010). There is a long time history that people began to research the relationship between a leader and followerRead MoreAuthentic Leadership3391 Words   |  14 Pagesdyadic rel ationships will become more intimate and trusting as the level of consistent commensurability of a person’s actual self, and perceptions of the other’s view of his or her actual self, increases. The implication for the development of authentic leader–member relationships in unconstrained settings is that followers and leaders will be most likely to form trusting and close relationships with persons who see them as they see themselves, i.e.—persons who see their true selves. MoreoverRead MoreLeadership : The Main Factor Of Organizational Success1672 Words   |  7 Pagesthe organization, creating a positive work environment. An authentic leader is defined as being self-aware, confident, open, optimistic, resilient, and honest, and being more concerned about the welfare of others than personal welfare (DuBrin, 2016). It can also be defined as a leader’s propensity to act in accordance with deep beliefs and values, creating greater credibility and promoting respect and trust amongst followers, as well as encouraging them to internalize these principles and regulateRead MoreLeadership Styles And The Job Satisfaction Essay932 Words   |  4 Pagesleadership styles and its sub-scales have a significant role in job satisfaction. These results were consistencewith previous research results that doing in this field. 1. There is a positive correlation between leadership styles and the job-satisfaction in education providers. The determinants of job satisfaction, leadership is viewed as an important predictor and plays a central role. Leadership is a management function, which is mostly directed towards people and social interaction, as well asRead MoreLeadership Style And Team Performance On Different Tasks Essay969 Words   |  4 Pagesgoals’. Early theorists considered leadership characteristics innate (Nahavandi, 2006), and that these traits were differed from that of the followers’ (Winkler, 2010). Purpose, courage, confidence and ability were among the list of characteristics most leaders possess (Grimm, 2010). Other studies suggested that, despite that some people might be natural leaders, leadership skill could be advanced through various avenues such as education, experience and self-awareness (Whitehead et al, 2009; MahoneyRead MoreComparing Modern Leadership And Leadersh ip1322 Words   |  6 Pageson today’s leaders. Developing leadership skills allow leaders to think strategically and navigate the unknown effectively. New Genre Leadership Traditionally, leadership studies have focused on the attributes and qualities of the leader. The approach was to further define and improve the skill sets of leaders. However, in recent years under modern leadership studies, other theories have emerged. Leadership has been defined in a more holistic way to include stakeholders and followers as part ofRead MoreThe Great Man Theroy1577 Words   |  7 Pagesnineteenth century. The idea of the theory is leader and leadership. The basic idea of the theory is that leaders are born and not made. Thomas Carlyle, a historian in nineteenth century presented his ideas on leadership, named â€Å"The Great Man Theory.† Carlyle focused on the influence great men had on historical events. Like great people such as Mohammad, Shakespeare, and Napoleon among others (Goleman). The basic theme of The Great Man Theory is that â€Å"Leaders are born and not made† (Bass). ResearchRead MoreEssay on Why People Join Cults1480 Words   |  6 Pagesdynamic leader. The cult leader governs most, if not all, aspects of the lives of his or her followers, often insisting that they break all ties with the world outside of the cult. A definition that is standard of all cults is that they consist of a group of persons who share in a special interest differing from the established majority or current religious, social, or cultural values, who meet regularly to continue and extend their purpose or mission independent of previous relationships with familyRead MoreAnswers on Leadership Styles1397 Words   |  6 Pagesname suggests, situational theory recommends that leaders change their style according to situation and temperament of the follower. There is something different about this theory. It doesnt only focus on the leader characteristics but also takes into a ccount the characteristics of the one being led and that is why it is a better approach for Stephen than Bureaucratic approach used by the local authority. There are four maturity levels of the follower discussed in this approach which is basically whyRead MoreCredibility : How Leaders Gain And Lose It, Why People Demand It1678 Words   |  7 Pages Credibility Lucinda Chumley Life Pacific College Credibility James Kouzes and Barry Posner wrote a leadership book entitled â€Å"Credibility: How leaders gain and lose it, why people demand it† (â€Å"Credibility†). It was written specifically for managers because, while academia had a wealth of research regarding credibility, little had been directed toward managers (Kouzes Posner, 2003, p. 276). The edition selected for review was published in 2003. The purpose of this paper is to examine

80’s Celebs and Fashion Icons Free Essays

The eighties produced some of the most influential men and women in fashion being Madonna, Princess Diana, Cyndi Lauper, Debbie Harry, and Michael Jackson. Like never before, musicians became fashion icons and trendsetters. The eighties were known for sex appeal for both men and women. We will write a custom essay sample on 80’s Celebs and Fashion Icons or any similar topic only for you Order Now For the men, tanned chests and open collars were in due to the influence of Miami Vice. The young women of the eighties were seen in leg warmers, mini skirts, off the shoulder blouses, chunky jewelry, acid washed jeans, and lace gloves. Princess Diana’s love for fashion and elegant style set a trend for women all across the world. Diana gained media coverage daily to people all across the world. She was chased by the press for her up-to-the-minute look. Brand labels often produced copies of her latest look which flew off the shelves. People ages thirty five to forty five looked at Diana as their fashion frontrunner. Princes Diana supported many designers including Catherine Walker, Arabella Pollen, and David Emmanuel. Diana’s wedding dress was designed by David Emmanuel in 1981. The dress had very large puffed sleeves, a full skirt, 10,000 pearls and sequins, and a twenty five foot train. The style and design of this dress set a trend for brides in the eighties. Madonna was a fashion icon that appealed to young women of the eighties. Her outrageous outfits caused controversy and resulted in young girls wanting to experiment with their looks. Madonna’s transformation of looks made her stand out throughout the decade. Madonna was considered the ‘it’ girl of the 80’s. Madonna created many trends which some are still seen today including miniskirts, teased hair, lacy stockings, leg warmers, and chunky jewelry as well as cross pendants. Madonna also brought fingerless gloves into fashion in the eighties. She made fingerless gloves look hip, stylish, and sexy. Cyndi Lauper created her own unique style which was influenced by the punk rock look. Cyndi Lauper was known for her sense of color and outrageous hair styles. She often wore bright, colorful makeup including eye liner on both top and bottom of the eyes. Her hair style was short on one side and often had different, bright colors in it that changed on a regular basis. Her fashion sense didn’t follow any rules. She incorporated as many colors as possible in her fashion in order to not fade in the background. She wore a lot of accessories such as bangle bracelets and beaded necklace. This fit into the eighties over accessorized theme. She was all about having fun and mixing and matching various pieces of clothing that usually wouldn’t be worn together but Cyndi made it work. She was able to influence the way her fans dressed when music videos became visible. Since gaining recognition as a member of the Jackson Five in the 70’s when Michael Jackson went solo in the 80’s his fans went wild. One of the ways Michael Jackson was able to successfully proclaim himself as the â€Å"king of pop† was by dressing like a king. His skin tight leather outfits, shiny black shoes, and sparkle glove, along with his mullet hair style is still a look that is known to belong to Michael Jackson. Fedora hats were also made popular through the use of Michael Jackson. One of the key elements that added to his leather jackets was how Michael Jackson wore the leather jackets. He made the jackets not just look like show pieces, he made them look comfortable. He rolled up the sleeves, owning the look. He also did this with his tuxedo jackets, rolling up the sleeves. Some celebrities today continue to follow this look by pulling up the sleeves to their jackets such as Kanye West. Debbie Harry quickly became a punk icon. She was known for incorporating humor with the seriousness of fashion. Debbie Harry also known as â€Å"Blondie† was recognized for her bold outrageous prints, painted on denim, high heels. Harry combined the cutting edge, bold rocker style with the glamour of Hollywood. She remained very popular throughout the decade of the eighties. Fashions of the eighties will be remembered as bold, bright, and bodacious. Fashion became a part of many celebrities image and helped each of them to set themselves apart from everyone else. Many trends set by celebrities and fashion icons became standard way of how people dressed in the eighties. The decade of the eighties was all about finding individual identity and expressing yourself. Many ideas adapted in the eighties still lives on today. American designers such as Donna Karan emerged in the eighties. Donna Karan started out as the head designer for Anne Klein but left the company in 1984 to form her own company. Donna Karan is known for her contribution in fashion in the eighties for the bodysuit and also her â€Å"Seven Easy Pieces† collection. The bodysuit was known as â€Å"the body†. It was made out of a jersey material and designed like a leotard. This one piece design gave women a smooth silhouette. The Seven Easy Pieces collection consisted on interchangeable coordinates that could be worn daily and also could be mixed and matched. Since during this time period women were starting to climb the corporate ladder and trying to break the glass ceiling, power dressing was in. People were looking for functional clothing, yet elegant, and simple in either black, grey, or white. Donna Karan designed a line of women’s power clothing including work suits which became extremely successful. She became known as â€Å"The Queen of Seventh Avenue†. Karan insisted that she only designs clothing that she would wear herself. She is known for supporting the needs of modern women. In 1988 Donna Karan extended her women’s signature collection to a less expensive line for younger women called DKNY. The line was so successful that Karan became known as the first designer to establish a bridge collection. She then launched DKNY Jeans, a men’s line, and also a children’s line, and line of beauty products. All of the branches of her collection were very successful. Famous clients include Demi Moore, Bill Clinton, and Barbra Streisand. Years later Donna Karan is still respected as one of the world’s most talented designers. Donna Karan made her mark in fashion and continues to do so today. Recently Karan has gained negative press due to her use of fur in her designs. Animal rights groups demand people boycott her line until she no longer uses fur. Work Cited Kettleson, Casey. 2010, january 6). Styled on icon: debbie harry. Retrieved from http://www. styledon. com/culture/styledon-icon/articles/styledon-icon-debbie-harry Marini, Stephanie. (n. d. ). 80’s style icons. Retrieved from www. askbronny. com Donna karan fashion deisgner. (n. d. ). Retrieved from www. infomat. com Nellis, Cynthia. (n. d. ). Design byte. Retrieved from www. about. com Whitley, P. (2008) . 1980-1989. American Cultural History. Lone Star College-    Kingwood Library, Kingwood, TX. Retrieved from http://wwwappskc. lonestar. edu/   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  popculture/decade80. html How to cite 80’s Celebs and Fashion Icons, Papers